Multinational Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Multinational - Essay Example This is why the biggest MNCs are all publicly owned corporations (Gerard, 2013). Some of the top 20 MNCs are rated in terms of revenues they generate. As figures indicate, majority of the biggest corporations are in the oil industry-no wonder, the constant increase in the prices of oil. However, out of top 10 corporations, some are in the automotive industry and consequently big oil consumers. The only retailer in the MNCs is Wal-Mart and this shows just how the oil industry is big business. Most of the fortune 500 companies are MNCs and majority of them are located or domiciled in the US, followed by China then Japan. Other countries such as France, Britain come trailing. MNCs must come up with systems and strategies so as to achieve all or some of their multinational business operations (John & Praveen, 2014). The globalizing economy is a constantly changing (however, not always stable) environment for doing business. Trade barriers have been falling and in the 1st 10 years of the 21st century, world trade amongst nations in goods and services developed quickly than domestic production. This means there is free flow of money across the borders of most countries, permitting corporations to look for the best financing rates-and at the same time letting investors seek for the best possible returns-anywhere worldwide. All of these procedures constitute what is referred to as globalization-a trend that has seen world economies become greatly interlinked and borderless. Corporations are no longer limited by their domestic borders and may operate any type of business activity any place in the world. Thus to corporations, globalization means that they are most likely to source for their raw materials everywhere, do research and development everywhere and compete anywhere while producing their pro ducts at any given place in the world. Globalization, however has come with its own challenges and is not a standardized evolutionary process, meaning that not all

Concepts of Leadership

Concepts of Leadership LEADERSHIP CONCEPTS Leadership is universally reviewed and defined by numerous authors and originators. Leaders have the ability to inspire and influence others in a team and encourage them to perform effectively towards organizational goals. Mullins explained, Leadership is the relationship through which one person influences the behavior or action of other people (Mullins 2010:373). Leaders in the modern age conceive an ambiance that motivates the skills and develop receptivity of learning among the team members and initialize steps to participate in human resources and financial performances. Gary yukl believed that Leaders should have a crystal clear vision before motivating the team members towards cultural change in the organization (Gary yukl 2010:308). An inspired vision is cardinal to accumulate hold from the team members and outsiders. Leadership is about generating a specific vision which stands out and in this modern world. ¹ In addition Leadership is not about leaders, it is about the functions of leaders. Leaders could be effective, if the three areas of needs are satisfied within the work ². The achievement of the leader can be extemporizing by fulfilling the following three needs (Mullins 2010:378): Task needs; Team maintenance needs; Individual needs. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/dd/Three_circles.png Source: Adair ,Action centered Leadership. John Adair model of Action-centered leadership induces to understand the relationship between the leader and team. It benefits the organization to complete the tasks before the targeted time and attain companys goals. The traditional role of Action-centered leader is to monitor and control the activities of group and leaders should serve as an advisor and consultant ³. It gives attention not only for the functional aspects but also the behavioral aspects of leadership. CONCLUSION: I personally feel this model to be more effective considered to other types of model. It is because; this model balances both Individual needs and Team satisfaction. This model serves as an example to demonstrate the relationship between the management and Leader. Therefore, Action centered model of leadership is preferred for any kind of organization to produce effective results. Reference: Laurie J.Mullins (2010) Nineth Edition edn. Management Organisational Behavior. Italy: Prentice Hall wikipedia (n. d.) Functional Leadership model [online] available from [20/03/11] Gary Yukl (2010) Seventh edition edn. Leadership in Organisation. New jersey: Prentice Hall Lyman W. porte, Harold l. angle, Robert W.Allen Second editon. Organisational Influence process CURRENT LEADERSHIP RESEARCH: In todays present situation, Power aspect occupies a vital role in the current stage of leadership environment. Traditionally, Leadership is connected with Power aspect and infers to control, co-ordinate and influence them towards succeeding the organization goals or economy. Power is identified as the capacity of one person to inspire another person (YUKL 2010:199). Power is the ability of one, who influences the behavior and attitude of other people ¹. Leadership style varies in relation with each Leader. It is identified as the way Leaders perform and behave in the organization towards subordinates. According to French and Raven, there are five significant types of power (Mullins 2010:397), Reward power is grounded on the approach of his/her employer and capability to abide by the regulations of the organization. It can develop a source of influence towards leader ². This will assist organization in achieving its goals and perspectives. One of the finest instances for this power is GOOGLE, where employers are given freedom of innovative action and praised for innovations. Coercive power is borne with associates who have the power to punish subordinates for not completing the desired role. It is being hinged on subordinates conception that Leader charge, if the directives are not compiled with. This power is related Authoritative style is leadership. For Instance: I have personally faced in my workplace for not attending the group meetings and I was been warned by the high level authorities. Legitimate power defines that he/she in a position to imply authority over the subordinates and make them to follow the directives. This power is usually dealt with the level of position they are placed. Higher the position, Greater the power ³ For Instance: In Indian Police academy, CBI has higher power than any police officer. Expert power is basically identified as the expertise which the leader naturally or practically possesses. This category is radically narrowed and exclusive knowledge will remain continuously within the leader. They dont make inconsistent and restless decisions and they even act confidently (Gary Yukl 2010:209). Referent power is the capacity of an individual to influence admiration and apperceive attractiveness. It is depicted with personal characteristics, charisma and strong loyalty towards them. It is considered among one of the five social powers. For Instance: Steve Jobs and Bill Gates are the best examples of referent power. They both have the attractiveness to extract peoples attention. They fall under the category of Charismatic Leadership Style. C:UsersMuthuRamanDesktoppowerpoints.png Source: (hakunamatatajumbojumbo.blogspot.com) References: Laurie J.Mullins (2010) Nineth Edition edn. Management Organisational Behavior. Italy: Prentice Hall Power [online] available from http://www.strom.clemson.edu/becker/prtm320/notes/power320.pdf> [20/03/2011] Power and its types [online] available from http://www.hrbartender.com/2010/training/7-types-of-power-in-the-workplace/> [25/03/2011] Gary Yukl (2010) Seventh edition edn. Leadership in Organisation. New jersey: Prentice Hall. LEADERSHIP BEHAVIOR The path goal theory: According to GREAT MAN THEORY Leaders are born and not made. In the changing world, Leaders are rarely born and many leaders are situational type of leaders. Leaders do not have the inherent capabilities to lead a team or society. One has to develop his/her skills to control a group of people. Many leaders are now situational and apply practical concepts to solve problems I prefer this type of behavior since it could be helpful to tackle situations physically and psychologically and even financially. The path goal theory of leadership was discovered to examine the behavior of a leader. Initially Evans (1970) covered only two types of behavior namely supportive and Directive Leadership. (Mullins 2010:388) Later, House and Mitchell (1971) added upon two more behaviors called Participative and Achievement behavior. (Gary Yukl 2010:169). The directive leader behavior exemplify to situations where the leaders monitor followers and allows them to perform their specified tasks and direct them to abide by the rules and regulations. This leadership behavior is similar to Ohio State University Studies. Feedback: I had experienced this type of leadership behavior when I was working in one of the Leather Company in INDIA.I was fresh to the Industry and I had no idea about the process and procedures. The team manager used to discuss the dated targets should be achieved? When should be the purchase made? Etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦But there was no opinions directed from the manager like how to achieve it? How to hit the target? There was a lack of communication between the leader and subordinates. The Supportive leader behavior indulges an accessible way and friendly manner and concentrates immense concern for the welfare and necessities of the subordinates. This behavior is helpful in stressful situation and when the tasks are given psychological manner. The Participative Leader behavior means taking into account about the views and opinions of subordinates before the task is performed or completed. Feedback: My colleagues were so supportive when I was preparing for debate on OFFLINE MARKETING. This behavior was very helpful in identifying the lack of communication skill in me and team members were so cooperative and understanding. The Achievement-oriented Leader behavior indulges in implying organizational goals to extract better performances and higher confidence from subordinates. Feedback: When I used to work in HDFC, Team leaders used to throw up various packages; if the particular allotted amounts of products are sold they will be taken a free trip to Maldives. I banged highest amount of commission in the year for successfully completing the 50000+ target worth of Insurance products within targeted dates. All these types of behavior can be felt or experienced in different situations by same person. Leaders use any of the above mentioned behavior to induce followers and to attract them. References: Gary Yukl (2010) Seventh edition edn. Leadership in Organisation. New jersey: Prentice Hall University of Exeter (n. d.) The rewiew of Leadership Theories and framework [online] available from http://centres.exeter.ac.uk/cls/documents/mgmt_standards.pdf [24/03/2011] Path goal theory of Leadership [online] available from http://changingminds.org/disciplines/leadership/styles/path_goal_leadership.htm [25/03/2011] The five practices of Exemplary Leadership [online] available from http://media.wiley.com/product_data/excerpt/83/07879567/0787956783.pdf [24/03/2011] What does it mean to lead? [online] available from http://www.russellconsultinginc.com/docs/Leadership.htm [24/03/2011] HOW TO OVERCOME KEY TENSION OF A LEADER? Leadership is gaining vital role over management success. As we have critically analyzed the leadership concepts, behaviors and about how leaders fondle powers using different styles, we get into the key tensions of leaders and how the leader can overcome using the prominent five practices of exemplary leadership: Model the way Inspire a shared vision Challenge the process Enable others to act Encourage the heart If the leaders are to be effective the above practices are to be experienced. For Instance, Mahatma Gandhi is one of the prominent and significant leaders in India and is called as Father of Nation. He played a key role in attaining freedom with his clear vision and confidence on the people. The main purpose of the freedom struggle was to gain freedom from British government for Indian people. What made Gandhi to stand out? His approach towards pertaining freedom and his leadership skills made people to follow him. His behavior style towards the people was very supportive and participative. His vision was much focused and he led the people of the country towards Non Violence concept. This makes him transformational leader and charismatic leader. Leader-member exchange theory (LMX) explains leader should have an exchange relationship with followers to establish participation and infer commitment towards freedom.(Gary Yukl 2010) President Barack Obama says Throughout my life, I have always looked to Mahatma Gandhi as an inspiration. Exemplary leaders enable all members to act together. Victor Vroom and Lyman porter says The relationship between motivation and performance is moderated by the amount of freedom to act (John Miner 2010:97). Finally, Gandhi overcame all the issues with the help of exemplary leadership practices and expectancy motivational theories.

lord of files :: essays research papers

Freedom: Lack of Restrictions   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"This is our island. It is a good island until the grownups come to fetch us we’ll have fun† (Golding 35). The lack of restrictions on the island in Lord of the Flies affected the way the boys acted on a day-to-day basis. The lack of leadership and the failure to cooperate caused the boys to split, and rebel against each other. Without restrictions, the boys ruled themselves and answered to no one, except those they were loyal to or feared. The boys found out that no one is really in control and they can do what they wish, although they may face consequences for it. There is a lack of restrictions on the island and the boys have freedom to do what they want. This is shown by their lack of caring for each other and the tasks that they are assigned.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The boys on the island tried to work together at first, but that failed because of a lack of strong leadership and irresponsibility among the children. â€Å"You remember the meeting? How everyone was going to work hard until the shelters were finished?† said Ralph, the boy trying to keep order on the island (Golding 50). The above quote demonstrates that the boys do what they please; they truly listen to no one and choose their own paths. The lack of restrictions causes the boys to slack off, even knowing that there are no immediate repercussions for their actions. â€Å"No grownups!† cried one of the boys (Golding 8). This comment shows that the boys are free, and no one is there to tell them what to do.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"They faced each other on the bright beach, astonished at the rub of feeling. From beyond the platform came the shouting of the hunters in the swimming pool. On the end of the platform, Piggy was lying flat, looking down into the brilliant water (Golding 54). After the boys realized that they had no one to tell them what to do, they took advantage of the situation. Because of this, the boys accomplished little. The boys failed at their assigned tasks because no one is there to tell them what to do, and they have no restrictions. â€Å"You didn’t ought to have let that fire out. You said you’d keep the smoke going† said Piggy, after becoming frustrated at the younger boys. The boys on the island had no sense of responsibility.

As Long as Grass Grows or Water Runs Questions

Zinn Chapter 7: As Long as Grass Grows or Water Runs Questions 1. Chapter 7 deals immensely with the Native Americans and their survival based upon the government taking their lands. 2. Zinn showed the impact of the Indian removal by talking about the book Fathers and Children, which shows statistics of the matter. 3. When Thomas Jefferson was Secretary of State, he believed that the Indians should just be left alone. Once he became president, he wanted to remove the Indians. I believe he did this because he wanted to gain popularity.4. Andrew Jackson’s early political/military career foreshadowed his Indian policies as President because he was always was a tough and violent guy and hated the Indians since day one. Now, as president, he fully was pro-Indian removal and supported the bill to remove Indians.5. Zinn, unlike traditional histories, believes that it was no just a war against Great Britain for survival, but essentially a war for land to expand the country.6. Zinn’s view of Arthur Schlesinger’s The Age of Jackson and Marvin Meyers’ The Jackson Persuasion is that the books concentrate more on his political and economic accounts, not on his years battling the Indians. Both books make Jackson look like the good man; they don’t mention anything about him owning slaves and other heinous truths about him.7. Cherokees desired to fit into society. They began owning slaves an adopted Christianity as their religion.8. The purpose of Zinn stating that Jackson was declaring states’ rights for Georgia on the Cherokee question but attacking South Carolinas right to to nullify a federal tariff to show that Jackson wanted to stay popular9. The Trail of Tears was the removal of the Cherokee Indians by the government, from Georgia to Oklahoma.10. The significance of the phrase â€Å"As long as grass grows or water runs† means basically that it’ll never happen. Jackson had used this phrase on the Indians. He said that the Indians could have their land and that no settlers would steal it from them, but Jackson had lied to the Indians because there land was still taken.

The Joke Written by Roddy Doyle English Assigenment

The Joke is a short story written by Roddy Doyle. The story is told by an omniscient narrator, and it is told from the male protagonist’s point of view. The story is about a nameless man who is trying to find the point of his thoughts. He remembers how his marriage used to be and how his wife would sit on his lap, how they would watch the TV together. But now he claims that if he leaves his wife, his wife would not care. He does not know what has happened to this marriage or partnership as he refers to it. He is in doubt and he is angry. In the story, he likes to tell his wife a joke and make her laugh like the old times. But he is nervous and does not want to seem desperate, because then he is worried that they would drift even further apart. He also fells very unappreciated.Characterize the main protagonist: He is a anonymous man who seems to very confused about his life and marriage, He is married and has children. He is going bald. He claims that he still loves his wife. H e is very eager to have his wife’s attention although he says otherwise. He is sick and annoyed of everything. He doubts everything; he is not sure what he wants or what his point is. He is also very unhappy, that is why he tries to tell his wife a joke. He believes that his marriage – or partnership as he calls it – is a â€Å"give and take† kind of thing; he has to give something in order to receive something. The protagonist does not develop much during the course of the story, because he has not found out what he wants. In the end, it is not clear whether he tells his wife the joke or not.Comment on the title: The title is the Joke† and the joke the protagonist wants to tell his wife is â€Å"What’s the difference between a good ride and a good shite?† But I believe that the real joke is the protagonist’s behavior and thoughts; he does not know what he wants or if he wants anything at all. He keeps changing his mind during t he story’s course. The title could also refer to the fact that it takes a silly thing as a joke to be the solution of something as important and serious as a marriage – because the joke he might have told could be the start of their communication.Write a short essay about how men and women communicate: Men and women both have very different ways of communicating, that’s because they are also different mentally and physically which also plays an important part in how they see and understand things. This can cause problems between the two genders as is sadly common today and probably always has and will be. They operate in each their own way and expect the other to understand what they want, even just out from bodily gestures which are unfair to the other because of the differences. Most of which would be easily avoidable if people talked more together rather than expecting the other to understand meaningless gestures, a fault both genders share.